How Body Image Affects Fashion Choices

Open access peer-reviewed chapter

The Media Consequence: Implications for Manifesting Maintainable Body Paradigm in the Context of Global Style Industry

Submitted: May 4th, 2019 Reviewed: August 19th, 2019 Published: September 16th, 2019

DOI: ten.5772/intechopen.89239

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Abstract

The media 'effect' on consumer behaviour has long been of interest to many researchers. In office, this has been related to how movies, magazines and television programmes portrayed thinness in the nineteenth and twentieth century, a concept which has been consistently emphasised and promoted to women, thus resulting in increased trunk dissatisfaction. Prior to the beingness of media, a curvaceous body was considered as a sign of wealth and an ideal torso image. More recently, with the emergence of the Internet, there has been increasing debate over portraying a healthier body image. However, no research to date has addressed the implications of manifesting a maintainable body epitome in the context of the global fashion manufacture. Thus, to fill this gap, qualitative ethnographic arroyo (netnography) of studying online behaviour and consumer perception was undertaken. The chapter briefly outlines the relevance of clothing and the evolution of the platonic body image over the last decade, indicating how the ideal torso prototype has inverse, merely too shows how dissimilar media channels have had an issue using television and social media examples.

Keywords

• media upshot
• promotion
• body prototype
• global fashion manufacture

• Arooj Rashid*

  • Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, England

*Address all correspondence to: arooj.rashid@ntu.air-conditioning.uk

i. Introduction

The media upshot on the ideal body prototype has been part of a cardinal debate over the past decade. In part, this is because body image is related to body dissatisfaction and has been linked to several critical physical and mental health problems, such equally depression, low cocky-esteem, bulimia and anorexia [ane, ii, 3]. More recently, some studies take also started focusing on plus-size body shape, particularly with reference to the shopping experience; however, this report considers the implications for manifesting a maintainable body shape and image, supported past a series of examples based on the media channels and netnography using social media as the key medium of investigation.

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two. Literature review: setting the scene—the changing roles of the ideal body prototype

In this social world, habiliment has been described as the 2nd peel for a person, reflecting their social condition, a concept that is prevalent throughout history [iv]. When associated with a trend or way, it is described equally a style of expressing a lifestyle that revolves effectually activities and interests and it relates to self-expression and covering of the body. The cocky-expression and roofing of the body and the want to take a body shape are influenced by a range of factors, such as cultural values, impacting on gender, age and social attitude, social norms [5] and media [6]. Furthermore, the desire for a particular body shape or views can besides exist described as a subjective affair, as anybody has different views and a liking for a particular shape. The views tin can change depending on the didactics, experience and understanding of a different lifestyle or the reading habits [7].

In the 1990s until 2010, impress media and televised images were the central medium that started to have an increasing effect on the body image, describing thinness as attractive [iv, 8]. For example, exposure to popular fashion magazines that contained messages focused on beauty and fashion (e.g. Elle , Vogue , and InStyle ) was correlated with negative moods and higher body dissatisfaction in women [9]. Furthermore, even people in music videos, cartoon characters [x], movie and goggle box actresses, Playboy centrefolds, and Miss America Pageant winners have all become increasingly thinner over the past decades [11, 12, thirteen, 14], impacting young women's body dissatisfaction [xv].

Consequently, much attending has been paid towards body image and its affect, particularly in the literature of wellness, fitness [sixteen] and psychology [iii, eight, 17]. In part, this is because body image is described as body dissatisfaction, a desire for thinness and muscularity, self-objectification and the use of more appearance comparisons than non-users [18]. Body prototype is thus linked to several disquisitional physical and mental health problems, such as depression, low self-esteem, bulimia, anorexia, etc. [three, nineteen, 20, 21]. Still, the media's manifesting of a maintainable body image is an under-researched expanse, in particular with reference to the global fashion industry. Therefore, supported by a serial of case studies, qualitative interviews and netnography, this chapter volition highlight how the media could manifest a maintainable trunk image and change consumers' perspective, thereby making a contribution to the literature of marketing and communication.

This chapter focuses on the 2 fundamental mediums of idiot box and the Internet (social media in particular), indicating how the ideal body image and shape have changed over the years and providing the implications for portraying a more maintainable body shape. The chapter is split into the following sections. Section 1 provides an overview of the affiliate, highlighting the gap in the literature it seeks to fill, followed by the articulation of the objective. Section 2 reviews the existing literature with the aim of setting the scene regarding the changes and the recent developments that take occurred in the United kingdom fashion industry. Following this, in Section ii, the ideal torso shape in the manner industry is analysed, starting with a historical overview of how curvaceous was once deemed ideal, followed by how thinness became the new ideal, thereby showing how a maintainable trunk shape is condign a new trend in the manner media. Section 3 discusses the methodology. Section 4 outlines the findings regarding the implications for manifesting a maintainable body image, supported by netnography. Finally, Section five concludes and discusses the limitations.

two.1 Historical overview: evolution of the ideal body shape and the fashion manufacture

The concept of the ideal trunk shape has changed significantly since the early on 1900s [22] when a adult female with curves was considered every bit having the ideal trunk shape. For example, Aphrodite, the goddess of sexual love and beauty, was frequently portrayed with curves. Furthermore, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a curvaceous figure was also a sign of wealth and a luxurious lifestyle, equally only those from a loftier-class guild could afford complex and costly garments [23] and consume meat, milk and booze; merely a small group of people were representatives of a high-form guild. Meanwhile, those with a lower status often remained at home and did household work [24], surviving mainly on plain water, cereals and vegetables [4, 25]. Consequently, the plump figure at the fourth dimension was considered as the 'ideal' body shape, with a circular tum existence emphasised every bit a symbol of fertility [26]. Being pale-skinned also represented being rich, every bit the complexion indicated that people were provided with enough back up to do the household piece of work. In other words, women from the rich lodge could beget servants and/or maids, as opposed to those from the lower classes, who had to work in the sunday. The platonic body during this eye age was idealised by the artists of the time [27], as there were no television and magazines at the time. For example, the Flemish painter Paul Rubens was the namesake for the term 'Rubenesque', pregnant plump or rounded [28], equally he frequently portrayed women with curvy body types. His contemporary paintings were widely appreciated, essentially considering the large body shape represented wealth. To gain that body shape in reality, the corset became a pop undergarment among women in the western world from the late Renaissance until the twentieth century [22]. Nevertheless, every bit society's views of a woman'southward body inverse over fourth dimension, so did the shape and the construction of the corset [22]. For instance, by the nineteenth century, the plump shape figure was replaced past a voluptuous hourglass figure. During this catamenia, the S-curve corset became popular, which reached downwardly the hips and thrust the bust frontward. Thereafter, during the twentieth century, a very defined shift towards an increasingly young, able-bodied and slender trunk occurred. This shift emerged afterwards the World War I. Women who worked during the war were becoming financially stable and sought social independence, which included driving cars, wearing skimpy dresses and makeup, drinking alcohol and smoking in public. The 1920s saw the rising tendency of the flappers, and this reflected the shift towards the western world's desire for a slim physique [22]. This era was also marked every bit the rebellious 'youth revolutionary era', wherein even older people began copying the trends of younger people.

Following this revolutionary change, the first slap-up depression descended on the economical climate, and with this, the fashion changed, replacing flappers with feminine wear. During this menstruation, more developments were emerging, i.e. cinema and jazz music became the primal source of entertainment. Advertisements in magazines and newspapers started to play an important function, making consumers more beauty conscious [29]. After Earth War Ii, many celebrities became iconic role models representing the iconic body shape, such as Marilyn Monroe, Jane Russell and Elizabeth Taylor, while other cultural phenomena such as the Playboy centrefold [30] also added to the portrayal of the curvaceous hourglass figure.

However, the definition of the platonic body prototype and the media exposure has evolved significantly over the last two decades, specially relating to body epitome and eating disturbance in women. Research has shown that media depictions have fabricated a contribution to the current sparse beauty ideal by manifesting 'attractive' females (i.e. models, actresses and pop stars). For example, in 2006, British vesture stores started stocking the waiflike size four, which was like to the US size null. Manner retailers such as Banana Democracy, initially owned past Gap, too started to advertise size zilch clothes on their website in 2006. Furthermore, numerous studies have shown meaning correlations betwixt consuming way magazines and female torso dissatisfaction and a want for thinness [6, ix]. Tiggemann and Zaccardo [31] confirmed that mass media has been a powerful and pervasive strength, and there is extensive enquiry that indicates the link between media exposure and body dissatisfaction [32], supported by meta-analyses [33] and experimental evidence [34, 35]. Across these studies, in that location is reliable evidence of a small-scale-to-moderate negative event of the thinness ideal portrayed within magazines and television programmes. More than contempo correlational inquiry has established a similar link betwixt time spent on the Internet and trunk dissatisfaction in adult and adolescent women [xvi, 36, 37, 38].

The present written report focuses on exposure to television and social media (Facebook and Instagram), indicating the implications for manifesting a maintainable body shape.

2.2 The television industry

In the literature on communication and psychology, many researchers take shown increasing interest towards television receiver viewing, particularly concerning gender views [34, 39, twoscore] and its bear on on eating disorders [41]. For example, Wille et al. [39] examined television viewing, fat stereotyping and body shape standards and suggested that because young children are more probable than adolescents or adults to model viewed behaviour, it is reasonable to expect that young children would model the platonic body shape they observe on idiot box. On the other hand, Botta [42] examined television images and adolescents' views and suggested that the existence of the ideal thin body shape does have an impact on television viewers. In part, adolescents are decumbent to be more vulnerable to the thin-promoting letters because they are at a time in their lives when they may exist seeking outside information to form a cocky-identity [21, 43].

Furthermore, the literature on promotion and communication too looks into commercialisations [44] and reality shows, suggesting how the boob tube and film industry can be driven by commercialisations and entertainment content such equally television receiver programmes [44, 45]. Vazquez et al. [44] denote that characters in commercials and/or hosts and characters in reality shows often get celebrities in their own right and celebrities are a popular ways of promoting fashion products such equally lifestyle trends and beauty or clothing products, e.g. Piers Morgan on Practiced Morning Uk and the characters of Love Island . Adding to this, Manwaring [46] contributes how, in 2010, Heidi Montag of The Hills discussed her plastic surgery procedure in one of the Fourth dimension Mag interviews, highlighting how she used to bring pictures of motion-picture show stars to the plastic surgeon to request a body part to be made. More than recently, in Expert Forenoon Britain , the actress Katie Toll revealed she had received 16 surgeries, which tin exist considered an add-on. In addition, on November 8, 2018, Good Morning Britain portrayed a evidence where a plus-size woman modelled some lingerie. In the show, the reality show star Helen Wood suggested that models should be skinny. Withal, no research to appointment has explored the implications of manifesting a maintainable trunk shape.

This department focused on television, particularly reality shows. The side by side department will focus on social media, due to the number of bloggers promoting a salubrious lifestyle.

2.3 The social media effect

Previously, many authors have shown increasing involvement towards airbrushing and the computerised edited photos displayed in magazines and tv set advertisements [23] and their bear upon on young women [xviii, 38, 47]. Recently, several authors have suggested that Facebook should be accounted as one of the well-nigh popular social media platforms for young women [18, 38], who tend to spend around ii h per mean solar day on Facebook. Social media sites Facebook and Instagram are peculiarly known to impact young women because they allow users to create public and/or semipublic personal profiles by providing their data and uploading their photos [48]. These 2 sites are also known for allowing users to edit their photos; for case, Instagram has several filtering options, which users tin can use before uploading a photograph or video [16, 38]. The filtering option and the opportunity to 'like' and make comments on the photo accept resulted in individuals feeling the pressure to enhance the photo prior to displaying information technology, which has implications for social comparison and self-presentation [49, l]. Social presentation is a process derived from the evaluative presence of other people and other viewers. In other words, individuals compare themselves with the cultural ideal of beauty and thinness presented in the media, which tin can result in dissatisfaction with their own body [51].

Still, this social presentation tin can too have a positive consequence, especially when many fettle and lifestyle bloggers are trying to make a positive impact, such as Carly Rowena, Lazy Girl Running and Kayla Itsines, promoting ways to remain healthy however making information technology seem fun. Furthermore, some authors have also started to show involvement in the issue of plus-size models displayed in the media [52], finding how viewers consider plus-size to be more than realistic every bit opposed to the ideal thin body shape. However, manifesting a maintainable torso prototype in the media remains as an under-researched area, particularly equally displaying plus-size models on television is starting to increase the debate on unhealthy trunk figures and consumers' lack of preference.

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iii. Methodology

To investigate the media's effect on consumer mental attitude and preferences towards a maintainable body image, this study took an ethnographic approach of studying online behaviour, described by Kozinets [53] as 'netnography' [54]. Netnography applies ethnographic approaches to online behaviour, drawing on publicly accessible online social interactions in the aforementioned way that an ethnographer observes man behaviour in the field [53]. In other words, it refers to studying and understanding the consumption-related aspects of customers' lives online [53, 55]. Similar approaches have been used previously in qualitative studies of online health-related give-and-take boards. The sampling framework was consumers' interaction and engagement on social media platforms, reading a large number of comments expressing a range of reactions to changes in body shape and images posted on Facebook (FB) and/or Instagram (IG), peculiarly focusing on online pure-play retailers, plus-size clothing retailers, sport brands and international online retailers. Other sources, such equally Skilful Morning Britain and BBC, were also observed on the social media platforms to examine whether consumers had similar responses or whether they differed.

Populations from which social media research data are drawn cannot be generalised. Accordingly, it should exist acknowledged that views expressed on social media platforms are those of the full general audience, representing a wide range of audience that either finds the body shape negative or positive, empowering the society.

In doing so, it was accounted important to notice how many comments were made and how frequently certain reactions were fabricated by the consumers in lodge to identify how a mail and an epitome on the media affected the audience. To generate a manageable information sample, at that place was a pragmatic need for three body shapes or images that the study could focus on. Thus, using an opportunistic arroyo [54], this study focused on 3 central body shapes: 'super-skinny', 'plus-size' and 'fettle built trunk shape'. Fitness congenital trunk shape particularly focused on the trunk shape and size that can be managed after childbirth or similar. To attain a maintainable body shape, fitness routine is imperative, as is good for you food intake, etc., and this is very rarely promoted on the media including social media unless a personal trainer has created a personal brand and has numerous followers on Instagram and social media.

In terms of the choice of social media platform, Facebook was deemed of import because numerous sources [54] have indicated that at that place are nearly two.41 billion monthly agile users every bit of the second quarter of 2019, with Facebook being the largest social network worldwide. Active users are those who accept logged in on Facebook and have carried out the following activities: follow a group or arrangement, 55% of US infant boomers and senior survey respondents followed a group or organisation in 2013, and 40% of those respondents posted and watched videos [56]. Statistics from 2017 [57] indicate that 40.seven% of users accessed Facebook to communicate with a grouping. A group can involve a TV programme, BBC news and other pages related to globe affairs. Communication with the grouping is the largest factor for this study, as this is where the data is generated from. However, another activity that also contributed towards generating the findings was 'read, sentry and share news virtually the world', with 52.03% of users logging in on Facebook and carrying out this activity as per 2017 statistics [58].

Instagram was some other social media platform that was chosen to discover online behaviour using the netnography arroyo, with about 60 one thousand thousand photos being uploaded to Instagram every day [59]. Instagram was deemed every bit a useful platform every bit this new digital environs has especially empowered women to market themselves as brands. Furthermore, the almost important aspect is the extensive growth of fettle bloggers manifesting fitness routines (i.e. Carly Rowena, Lazy Girl Running) and the increasing exposure of way brands using plus-size models, i.e. Boohoo, JD Williams, Shein, Next, etc. Using a diverse range of primary social sites ensured the availability of triangulated perspectives that too delivered data on the convergence and divergence of a maintainable body epitome [ane, 60].

The data were then thematically evaluated using the template analysis method [61], observing online pure-play retailer, sport retailers, plus-size way make and an American style retailer. Meanwhile, the content analysis approach was dismissed, which involves counting the amount of time frequency of a variable or a word that occurs and is considered useful when identifying the similarities and differences within the construction of the enquiry subject [62]. Every bit a result, the data for this study were evaluated through a systematic recognition of themes or meaning patterns, which is referred to by [61] as a significant-making process . Due to reasons of confidentially, posts that were observed accept not been identified [63].

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4. Findings

This section will present the findings apropos consumers' perspectives on various trunk shapes and the implications for maintaining a body image, using data drawn from the netnography that involved observing Facebook and Instagram. The findings are structured in these two themes: manifesting plus-size torso paradigm and the portrayal and effect of skinny models; notwithstanding, more results and findings can be institute in Appendix 1.

4.1 Manifesting plus-size body image

Every bit mentioned in Department iii.4, social presentation involves individuals comparison themselves with the culturally platonic body shape, which has previously been associated with 'thin', resulting in individuals with dissatisfaction towards their ain body. From observing the social media platforms, it appears that fashion industry has actively started producing product lines that are tailored for the plus-size market only has as well started promoting plus-size models on social media, east.g. Boohoo, Very and JD Williams. Withal, plus-size clothing and models are yet not promoted as frequently as skinny models are; for example, on Instagram (IG), Boohoo simply posts 2 or 3 photos of plus-size out of 31 or more photos posted in a week's turnaround.

From the netnography information technology is evident that promoting plus-sizes on social media is done for positive reasoning, for case, a female respondent on social media argued that 'the fashion industry tin not neglect the plus size'.

Furthermore, throughout history, the plus-size torso shape has been considered as the ideal body shape and one that represented wealth. However, from the findings information technology is evident that this is no longer the instance in the electric current social club. For instance, the posts on social media appear to be fostering contend about how plus-size is associated with being unhealthy and obese, e.g. a male respondent on Facebook stated that 'large is beautiful is a deluded phrase and that plus-size can pb to stroke diseases and cancer' (FB, 2018). Another female respondent has also stated on a different Instagram photo that 'obesity is unhealthy and promoting it is irresponsible' (IG, 2019). While some comments are also empowering, i.due east. 'She is nailing information technology', and 'She is cute, this would suit my curves' (IG, 2019).

In contrast to the negative comments, another female respondent argued to a mail on social media platform stating 'plus-size is non obese but an boilerplate size of a women; nonetheless, the fashion industry is compelled to apply this terminology equally anorexia size is accounted to exist average' (FB, 2018). This indicates how the use of the terminology 'plus-size', 'unedited' and clothing' can create a buzz on social media.

Further buzz was spotted on social media when a fashion online pure-play retailer was slammed for photoshopping and adding using 'butt pads' on models in 2018 to promote its plus-size collection. Comments were mainly related to 'how the prototype represented a plus-size, even though the model was fairly slim or skinny' (FB, 2018) and would have been referred to as such past many.

In another social media news, a sport brand was defendant recently by the journalist for promoting obesity using a plus-size mannequin. The full general public dedicated the manner brand by stating on social media platform 'that the marketing reflects their torso' and 'Happy that the brand is doing this for normal people like myself, inspiring to go the health back on track'.

Furthermore, more comments were made relating to how rather than individuals supporting plus-size, they could maybe encourage a fitness government. A like contend rose on September 20, 2018, when the host Piers Morgan criticised that ' Cosmopolitan was promoting dangerous and wrong image' past manifesting an American model who weighed around 300 lbs (21.four st) and was a The states size 22 [64], associating this with obesity.

iv.2 The portrayal and outcome of skinny models

Since the 1990s, with the discovery of Kate Moss, the fashion industry has been extensively involved in promoting skinny models. Over the years, the trend of skinny has led to an affect on younger girls and women, who have taken her mantra of 'nothing tastes as skillful as skinny feels' far besides far.

More recently, the fashion industry has started making some effort past taking the activity of banning super-skinny models in some countries. For example, France banned anyone with a trunk mass index (BMI) below a sure level from working as a model. Posts related to this generally received positive feedback on Facebook. For example, an private on Facebook commented, 'Thank god we demand to see healthy women on the runways' (FB, 2015). Nevertheless, bulk of the posts relating to France banning super-skinny models have not received as many comments as would a post on social media manifesting a negative paradigm or an image that is not generally approved by the general public. For example, the majority of the posts relating to France banning super-skinny models have simply had a few individuals sharing the post, and some accept had no comments at all.

On the one paw, Instagram appears to accept more actively engaging customers, criticising or making comments about skinny models, by making comments such equally 'does it come with a body to match', 'I better look like this in it or I'll exist fuming', 'I have stuck to the diet ii days now', and 'Why don't I wait like this' (IG, 2019). These comments were especially made nether pictures with models wearing bikini.

Furthermore, the maintainable body shape is oftentimes found to exist questionable equally it is non clear whether information technology relates more than closely to a plus-size or super-skinny. Yet, there are many fitness influencers who are at present trying to promote a healthy lifestyle and a maintainable body shape suggesting different fitness routines e.g. squads and other legs piece of work out, followed past some empowering comments e.one thousand. 'Demand to build my strength to rock this!!' (IG, 2018), This is awesome I am just starting my fitness journey and seeing your post gave me the extra kick, I need also stick to it! (IG, 2017). On the other hand, some influencers are also trying to promote 'existence confident in embracing the curves', which could be due to several reasons, eastward.g. postpartum and hormones, while empowering them to try staying salubrious by fitness routines. This is also deemed to contribute towards mind and soul.

Past observing the social media platform, it is has emerged that these influencers are not simply promoting a fitness routine but are also suggesting how one should feel confident about their trunk shape, manifesting maintainable torso shape and epitome. For example, a UK London-based fitness trainer 'Carly Rowena' often posts stories on Instagram about 'how people should practise as they feel and how they should feel confident about their body shape and pare' (IG Story, 2019). Furthermore, the comments made under the personal blog are likewise fairly positive, encouraging and empowering and, thus, indicating the influence of a personal brand on consumers every bit opposed to clothing brands.

Another known fitness trainer 'Kayla Itsines' is an Australian blogger with many followers, who promotes the emotional rollercoaster one may go through when trying to maintain a lifestyle and body shape after giving birth. Their posts are followed by many positive comments and baby posts by other individuals, spreading words of wisdom and positivity.

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v. Determination and give-and-take

The focus of this chapter was on the implications of manifesting a maintainable body shape in the global mode industry. The information was drawn focusing on ii. Each channel is supported by information analysed using netnography, drawing data from comments fabricated in the online communities on Facebook and Instagram.

The study particularly focused on the 2 body shapes of plus-size and skinny models. In function, this was important, every bit skinny models were traditionally preferred in the global style manufacture, whereas now plus-size models are beingness more than oftentimes promoted.

Based on the findings drawn from social media platforms, it is evident that some consumers on online communities are not fully happy with the promotion of plus-size model, fifty-fifty if a fashion brand shares only so oftentimes, e.g. one photo a week. While many health studies have identified how being overweight can be due to health bug such equally hormones or Deoxyribonucleic acid, comments on social media indicate that this should non exist manifested on the mass media as this may not exist a true representation or a maintainable trunk shape, contradicting previous studies that argued similarly most thinness [33, 34, 35] (run into Figure 1 equally an example). From a brand's perspective, it can exist assumed that due to consumer'south critics and comments related to health issues and obesity, fashion brands are pushed to share simply limited photos on plus-size or using slimmer models to promote plus-size article of clothing, which is too resulting in complaints and shaming the media. However, these results vary depending on the blazon of way brand it is, i.e. if the brand is recognised for selling plus-size, and then the negative comments are less as opposed to if brand is targeting a young, slimmer torso shape. Thus, a contribution can exist fabricated to the literature of promotion, advice and body image.

Figure 1.

An case of the portrayal of plus-size model online. Source: Boohoo.com (2019).

From the findings and comments, it appears that social media platform has many active users and majority of the active users follow mode brands to view the latest trend, i.due east. new bikini, new dresses, etc. However, some of the comments under the postal service relates to wanting a detail body shape or if wearing a particular clothing production would brand them slimmer, etc., going in paw with previous studies (come across [half-dozen, 9]). Adding to this, majority of the comments do relate to wanting to purchase the product as well. This indicates how a torso shape and clothing products bear on consumer'south behaviour and cognitive thinking process. Yet, from the findings, information technology was also evident that article of clothing products such equally bikini's often trigger more comments related to body shape and image every bit oppose to those with a dress (meet Effigy 2). Thus, this tin can likewise contribute to literature of fashion promotion and clothing.

Figure 2.

An instance of a product that attracts less comments related to body shape and more related to the bodily product. Source. Shein.com, 2019.

Finally, it can be concluded that plus-size body image gains more than negative attention equally opposed to slimmer body shape, despite that fashion industry is constantly criticised for promoting skinner style model. Yet, at that place are now personal influencers on Instagram that are collaborating with sport manner brands to promote their fitness product line and maintainable body shape and image.

5.1 Limitations

The report has identified several challenges and limitations in doing this research. The findings can only be generalised according to the size of the sample. For instance, the process of identifying suitable posts on social media was accounted to exist hard as not many are directly related to mode. Secondly, the procedure tin exist time-consuming as it involves going through comments and extracting patterns and significant while looking at different sources and comments.

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Appendix 1

Participant	Body shape and image	Key views
Plus-size	Instagram, 2019; Facebook, 2018	The fashion industry cannot neglect the plus-size (IG, 2019) Big is beautiful is a deluded phrase and that plus-size tin can lead to stroke diseases and cancer (FB, 2018) Confidently Unhealthy (IG, 2019) hey lovely We were scrolling through and think you're absolutely gorgeous ☺ DM us, nosotros'd honey to collaborate (Fashion make, IG, 2019) Do you think it'southward ok to put obese models?? They are shocking and looks very unhealthy (IG, 2019) Chubby but information technology's really beautiful (IG, 2019) I'grand all for torso confidence being a 14 myself I like to see curvy models but this looks like it doesn't fit she needs the bigger size (IG, 2019)
Skinny models	Instagram, 2019; Facebook, 2018	Can I have her torso please thanks (IG, 2019) I better wait like this in it or I'll be fuming How practise regular people clothing this?! (IG, 2019) Thank god we need to see healthy women on the runways I have stuck to the nutrition 2 days now. Why don't I look like this too much for holiday? Will I await but like her in this? Haha (IG, 2019) Information technology might look improve if she had sum meat on her bones (IG, 2019) manifestly not for swimming, just to testify off by the pool (IG, 2019) if only I had this body lmao (IG, 2019) If only I take a trunk shape similar that (IG, 2019)
Maintainable body	Instagram, 2017, 2019; Facebook, 2018, 2019	You look awesome but you always take :-* beautiful inside and out You lot're killing it! So happy for you lot and your progress! (IG, 2017) This is awesome I am simply starting my fitness journey and seeing your post gave me the extra kick in the back, I need too stick to it! (IG, 2017) Information technology'southward non merely the practice...that girl looks like that because she's very careful of what she is eating. Everyone can practise these exercises everyday but won't look like that if their nutrition is not 'perfect'. Plus I believe she was born with a slim effigy and now she has perfected it (IG, 2019) Give thanks god we need to see healthy women on the runways (FB, 2015) Need to build my strength to rock this!! (IG, 2018)

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Submitted: May quaternary, 2019 Reviewed: Baronial 19th, 2019 Published: September 16th, 2019

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